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Home:   Arts:   Music:   Theory:   Tuning Systems

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Alternate Temperaments: Theory and Philosophy  - http://www.rdrop.com/users/tblackb/music/temperament/  Introduction to tuning systems, based on the cents system. Written by Terry Blackburn.  Justonic Tuning Inc.  - http://www.justonic.com/  Pitch Palette software tunes a microtunable synthesizer to just intonation, world scales, historic scales and user scales in real time.  A Beginner's Guide to Temperament  - http://www.users.dircon.co.uk/~oneskull/3.6.04.htm  Written by Stephen Bicknell for the electronic mailing list Piporg-l.  An Atlas of Consonance  - http://www.sohl.com/sohl/mt/maptone.html  The author presents a graphical tool for the visualization of consonance and dissonance, based on an acoustical model of the interaction of musical tones.  Comparison of Temperaments  - http://www.pcug.org.au/~apurdam/tempers.html  Table comparing various temperaments, including Equal Temperament, Pythagorean, another natural tuning, two mean-tone tunings, two Well temperaments, two Indian tunings, and two Persian tunings.  Keyboard temperament analyzer/calculator - Bradley Lehman  - http://www-personal.umich.edu/~bpl/temper.html  Excel spreadsheet that analyzes keyboard temperaments: gives beat rates for tuning, and harmonic-tension charts in all keys.  Tantrum  - http://www.well.com/user/smalin/tantrum.html  Tool for the study of temperament anomalies.  World Scale Depository  - http://www.anaphoria.com/depos.html  Construction of a reference center of scale measurements throughout the world.  Pythagorean Tuning and Medieval Polyphony  - http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/harmony/pyth.html  Article by Margo Schulter.  Historical Tuning  - http://www.bestweb.net/~rmp  Includes information on the differences between equal temperament and well temperament and why Bach rejected equal temperament and celebrated well temperament.  Modes and Scales in Indian Music  - http://chandrakantha.com/articles/scales.html  Article by David Courtney.  Huygens-Fokker Foundation  - http://www.xs4all.nl/~huygensf/english/  Center for microtonal music. Promotes microtonal music in all its forms  The Argument for Equal Temperament  - http://music.dartmouth.edu/~kov/lerdahl/EqTemp.html  Lerdahl's cognitive constraints.  Tuning and Temperament Bibliography  - http://www.xs4all.nl/%7ehuygensf/doc/bib.html  Huge list of print books, magazines, and journal articles on tuning systems.  Understanding Temperaments  - http://pages.globetrotter.net/roule/temper.htm  Tunings used for harpsichords.  Tuning by Ratios  - http://www.leeds.ac.uk/music/studio/rproj_swss/tuning/tuning.htm  This paper explores the use of simple ratios to tune musical intervals and chords. Included are a tutorial, a set of computer programs, and a re-tuned two-part invention by J.S. Bach.  Equal Temperament Tuning  - http://users.adelphia.net/~cygnusx_1/equal_temperament.html  An introduction to equal temperament for guitarists who have problems tuning their guitars.  A Tour Up The Harmonic Series  - http://www.redshift.com/~dcanright/harmser/  Basic introduction to the Pythagorean circle of fifths and the physical basis for the need for alternative tuning systems.  The History of Musical Tuning and Temperament  - http://casaninja.com/christi/old/academic/classicaltuning.html  Two academic papers, covering music before 1750, and music during the Classical and Romantic periods.  An Introduction to Historical Tunings  - http://www.kylegann.com/histune.html  On the development of tuning systems in Medieval Europe (Kirnberger, Young, and mean-tone systems).  Julian Carrillo and the Thirteenth Sound  - http://paginas.tol.itesm.mx/campus/L00280370/julian.html  (1875-1965), Mexican music creator of the microtonal system called the 13th Sound. He reformed the theory of music, invented a new musical written based in numbers and built instrument capable to produce those small intervals.