- Programming Language Critiques - http://www.ai.mit.edu/people/pdp8/critiques/critiques.html
Annotated links to critiques (Older version, by original author)
- Reasons for TOM - http://gerbil.org/tom/doc/why.shtml
TOM attempts to address flaws in these languages: C++, Cecil, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Java, Objective-C, Smalltalk.
- PLEAC: Programming Language Examples Alike Cookbook - http://pleac.sourceforge.net/
Suite of common programming problems solved in Ada, C++, Erlang, Guile, Haskell, Java, Masd, merd, NASM, Objective Caml, Perl, Pliant, Python, Ruby, Tcl.
- The Quine Page - http://www.nyx.net/~gthompso/quine.htm
Collection of self-reproducing programs: each outputs a copy of its own source code; about 60 languages.
- Why Tcl is Better than Perl - http://www.tcl.tk/advocacy/perl.html
Says Tcl is simpler, more maintainable, has superior GUI interface; Perl is hard to maintain and embed, thread unsafe, complex to learn. No code samples, tables, graphs.
- Beyond Java? - http://www.functionalobjects.com/resources/beyond-java.phtml
Compares Java and Dylan, with examples from building two CORBA IDL compilers. Topics include: multiple inheritance, multi-argument dispatch, unified object model, extensible syntax. Several code examples.
- Java vs. C# - http://www.javacamp.org/javavscsharp/index.html
Code for code comparison. All features on both languages are compared.
- The ROT13 Page - http://www.miranda.org/~jkominek/rot13/
ROT13 implemented in many programming languages.
- Qtime Collection, FTP Download, Gzipped - ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/linux/devel/lang/misc/
Display time as English sentence, coded in: AWK, C, ICI, Icon, JavaScript, Lite/mSQL, PHP3, Pike, Python, REBOL, Rexx, Ruby, SLang, Spanner. Tested on only Linux (all) and AmigaOS (C and Rexx versions).
- Programming Languages Table - http://www.theadvisors.com/langcomparison.htm
Table showing the approximate number of logical source statements (not physical lines of code) that roughly correlate with a single function point.
- Guidelines for Choosing a Computer Language: Support for the Visionary Organizations - http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/content.htm
Multipage study compares: 4GL/5GL, 3GL (Ada 95, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Java, Smalltalk), 2GL (Assembly). Divides language (definition) from traits of products that implement and support it. Several sections, tables, appendixes.
- Sun's Comparison of Language Features - http://www.npac.syr.edu/users/gcf/cps616java96/foilsepimagedir/023IMAGE.html
Table graphic, uses good-fair-poor metric, compares Java, Smalltalk, Tcl, Perl, Shells, C, C++.
- Java vs. JavaScript - http://www.firststep.com.au/education/solid_ground/javadiff.html
Similarities and Differences. From First Step Communications.
- Comparing Development Costs of C and Ada - http://www.adaic.com/whyada/ada-vs-c/cada_art.html
Article by Stephen F. Zeigler. Analysis of a case where most variables were controlled enough to make a comparison between development costs (time, error rates, code size, ...) of the 2 languages.
- Tcl Advocacy - http://www.tcl.tk/advocacy/
Table, text, links compare Tcl, Perl, Python, JavaScript, Visual Basic.
- Inferno/Limbo vs. JavaOS/Java - http://www.cs.hut.fi/~kny/inferno/compare.html
A small overview of the differences between Inferno/Limbo and JavaOS/Java.
- Ada95, Java, and C++ - http://www.adahome.com/Resources/Languages/chart3.html
Some people think Java is like C++, but usual C++ idioms do not carry over to Java because Java is not a C++ superset or subset; Java is a derivation with many modifications, extensions. The language's syntax is alike, but semantics and philosophy is very different. Java is closer to Ada95 than to C++, syntax notwithstanding.
- Fortran90 vs. Ada95 - http://fedelma.astro.univie.ac.at/web/fortran90_ada95.html
Compares Ada95 to Fortran90 via code samples, text. Well reasoned and written, many examples. Finds Ada equal or better than Fortran in all aspects but one marginal trait.
- Ada, C, C++, and Java vs. The Steelman - http://www.adahome.com/History/Steelman/steeltab.htm
Compares 4 programming languages (Ada95, C, C++, Java) with the requirements of "Steelman", original 1978 requirements document for Ada language. Big detailed table.
- ACM "Hello, World" Project - http://www2.latech.edu/~acm/HelloWorld.shtml
List of the famous "Hello, World!" programming teaching program, in hundreds of different languages.
- Programmers: Otters with Rocks? - http://zdnet.com.com/2100-11-529641.html
Discusses historical move from low level languages to higher level interpreted ones, productivity, future developments. Active feedback response. [ZDNet News]
- Timing Trials, or, the Trials of Timing: Experiments with Scripting and User-Interface Languages - http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/bwk/interps/pap.html
By Brian Kernighan, Christopher Van Wyk. Compares how fast C, Awk, Perl, Tcl, Java, Visual Basic, Limbo, Scheme, run a range of representative tasks. Text, tables, graphs, code samples.
- What's Wrong with Perl - http://www.garshol.priv.no/download/text/perl.html
Author explains what he considers wrong about Perl, presents Python as an alternative. Descriptions, code samples, links.
- Programming Language Comparison - http://www.jvoegele.com/software/langcomp.html
Table compares popular object-oriented languages: Eiffel, Smalltalk, Ruby, Java, C++, Python, Perl, Visual Basic.
- Programming Information from HB - http://www.cybercomm.nl/~broers/programming.html
Text descriptions compare C/C++, Java, Pascal, Basic, VeraStream; Oracle; HTML, XML; JavaScript, PHP.
- C# From a Java Developer's Perspective - http://www.25hoursaday.com/CsharpVsJava.html
Comprehensive article by Dare Obasanjo, details most similarities and differences between the two languages: features Java has that C# doesn't, and features C# has that Java doesn't. Text, tables, code, resources.
- Syntax Across Languages - http://merd.net/pixel/language-study/syntax-across-languages.html
Operator names and syntax elements in various programming languages.
- What I Hate About Your Programming Language - http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2003/05/12/languagephilosophy.html
Text treats general aspects of language choices, then compares hatred of Perl, Python, Ruby, PHP, Java, C, C++, JavaScript, XSLT, SQL. With many forum comments. [ONLamp.com]
- D vs Other Languages - http://www.digitalmars.com/d/comparison.html
Yes-No table with definitions compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, on: GC, functions, arrays, OOP, performance, reliability, compatibility, conditional compiling. [Digital Mars]
- 1% the Code - http://www.colorforth.com/1percent.html
Compares colorForth and C: Chuck Moore, father of Forth, expects colorForth applications to need only 1% the code of C programs. No code samples.
- Advanced Programming Language Design - http://www.awprofessional.com/catalog/product.asp?product_id={92E30B39-5D91-45F9-9919-D202BE6341F9}
Book compares over 70 languages, and main classes: imperative, functional, object-oriented, dataflow, concurrent, declarative, aggregate. By Raphael Finkel, Addison-Wesley.
- Ada versus Modula-3 - http://archive.dstc.edu.au/AU/staff/crawley/ada/m3-vs-ada.html
Compares similarities and differences, by user of both languages.
- Java Benchmark - http://mathsrv.ku-eichstaett.de/MGF/homes/grothmann/java/bench/Bench.html
By Rene Grothmann. Compares sieve algorithm in Java and C/C++. Text, tables, live comparison applet.
- Is Ada a Better C? - http://www.beesknees.freeserve.co.uk/articles/ada-vs-cpp.html
Compares Ada, C, C++, language facilities under DOS. Copy of article in EXE magazine, May 1997, originally titled "Ada better than C++?" Text and code samples.
- The BNF Web Club Language - http://cui.unige.ch/db-research/Enseignement/analyseinfo/index.html
Browse, explore some programming language's syntactic rules. See relations between rules, understand them using BNF (Backus-Naur Form notation) and syntactic diagrams: SQL, PL/SQL, SQL2, IDL; Ada95, Java, Modula-2; Lazy, LISP, M5.
- Informal Language Comparison Chart(s) - http://www.smallscript.org/Language%20Comparison%20Chart.asp
Links, and table comparing Ruby, Objective-C, Smalltalk-80 (old), SmallScript (Smalltalk-98 dialect), JavaScript 2.0 (ECMA Script), C#, C++, Java, Python, CLOS.
- Quantifying the Debate: Ada vs. C++ - http://www.stsc.hill.af.mil/crosstalk/1996/07/quantify.asp
Tables and text compare Ada83, Ada95, C, C++; mainly costs, reliability. By Donald J. Reifer. [CrossTalk]
- Developer's Dilemma: Perl or PHP? - http://www.newsfactor.com/perl/story/19912.html
By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. How to choose between two languages that are both very popular for Web development? Text, forum comments. [NewsFactor]
- How Does Ruby Compare With Python? - http://www.rubygarden.org/iowa/faqtotum/abQVRnqSeWIdM/b/1.11.7.2.5
By John Dell'Aquila. Text description, no code samples, Ruby Garden FAQ entry from comp.lang.python post.
- TUNES Project: Programming Languages - http://cliki.tunes.org/Programming%20Languages
Over 200 languages described, mostly original commentary, many deep insights, over 1,000 links. [Open Content]
- Java and C++ Resource Management Comparison - http://www.fatalmind.com/paper/java_vs_cplusplus/resource.pdf
Detailed discussion of the techniques used in Java and C++ to implement leak free and exception safe resource management. Covers memory management, finalizers, destructors and finally blocks with examples.
- Java and Smalltalk Syntax Compared - http://www.chimu.com/publications/JavaSmalltalkSyntax.html
Table and notes compare some elements of syntax of Java 1.1 to Smalltalk-80.
- Programming Language Categories - http://www.cs.oberlin.edu/~jwalker/languageCategories.html
Brief text compares 6 basic language types: general scripting, programmer scripting, application development, low-level, pure functional, complete core.
- Comparison of Oberon-2 with Modula-2 - http://www.zel.org/oberon/compo2m2.htm
Short text summary of main features of Oberon-2; target audience: Modula-2 programmers unfamiliar with Oberon-2, but familiar with object-oriented and extensible programming concepts.
- Programming Languages mini-HOWTO - http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Programming-Languages.html
Brief comparison of major Linux programming languages C, C++, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Perl, PHP, Python, Tcl; by Risto S. Varanka.
- TMXxine Languages - http://www.cyber-shaktipat.org/relax/languages.html
Brief comparison Curl with High Level assembler, BCX, Dark Basic, Mono (C#/.Net implementation), Python, Squeak, XBasic/XBlite. Curl applet examples.
- 99 Bottles of Beer on the Wall - http://www.99-bottles-of-beer.net/
Shows source code implementation for the same simple program across over 250 different programming languages.
- Comparisons of Tcl with Other Systems - http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/sai/ss96/uxdb2/comparison.html
Many comparisons between Tcl/Tk and other similar systems, most copied from comp.lang.tcl.
- Dylan Competitive Analysis - http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~brd/cs212/handouts/comparison.htm
Compares Dylan, Smalltalk, Objective-C, C/C++. Long document.
- VB or not VB - http://www.shagrouni.com/english/software/vbnot.html
Visual Basic, VB.Net critiques in comparison with Delphi and C#.
- The C Family of Languages - http://www.gotw.ca/publications/c_family_interview.htm
Interview with Dennis Ritchie, Bjarne Stroustrup, James Gosling.
- Water Comparisons - http://waterlanguage.org/Comparisons.html
Two medium length documents compare object-oriented languages: Water with ConciseXML syntax, to JSP (JavaServer Pages) and Java; 1 brief list compares Water to PHP.
- Languages Versus D - http://www.prowiki.org/wiki4d/wiki.cgi?LanguagesVersusD
Growing table compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, Delphi, Python, Perl, Eiffel, Sather, Smalltalk, Lisp/CLOS, Ada. Many clarifying comments below. [Wiki4D, Open Content]
- In Search of the Ideal Programming Language - http://members.aol.com/SergeyP/paper.html
Article by Sergey Polak. Review and comparison programming languages in search expressive, extensible, readable, safe, portable language.
- History and Comparing Programming Languages - http://www.gavilan.edu/csis/languages/history.html
The files at this site compare programming language statements in several different languages tracing the statement from early languages to present languages.
- Programming language benchmarks - http://dan.corlan.net/bench.html
Benchmark of the same program in some recent languages aims to support language choice decision for implementing computation-intensive web apps.
- Java versus C++ - http://www.dur.ac.uk/barry.cornelius/papers/java.versus.c++/
This document compares the languages Java and C++. HTML, PS and PDF formats.
- The Computer Language Shootout Benchmarks - http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/
Performance measurements and source code for ~25 benchmark programs in ~25 languages; with side-by-side comparisons for any 2 programming languages, and an interactive weighted ranking for all the languages.
- Io Comparisons - http://www.iolanguage.com/about/simplicity/
Compares a few variables (size, speed, syntax) in many languages: Brain, C, Cel, F-Script, Forth (gForth, pForth), Icon, Java (Kaffe), Lisp (CLisp, Guile, LispMe, Scheme48), Lua, Perl, Pike, Python, Ruby, Self, Smalltalk (GNU, Squeak, SuperCollider), Tcl.
- C++??: A Critique of C++ (3rd ed.) - http://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/SOFTWARE/OO/tools/java/misc/ACritiqueOfC++.pdf
A critical view on the C++ and C programming language.
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