- Fermat - Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665) - http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Fermat/RouseBall/RB_Fermat.html
From `A Short Account of the History of Mathematics' (4th edition, 1908) by W. W. Rouse Ball.
- Gauss - Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) - http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Vines/2977/gauss/gauss.html
Gauss' Biography, Formulae, properties, Gauss' Life in Charts, Quotes, Doing a report on Gauss?, Works Cited List
- Abel - Niels Henrik Abel (1802-1829) - http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Abel.html
Norwegian mathematician. Worked on elliptic functions and integrals, algebraic solution of equations and solubility by radicals.
- Cauchy - Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789-1857) - http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03457a.htm
(Catholic Encyclopedia) Theory of polyhedra, symmetrical functions, proof of a theorem of Fermat which had baffled mathematicians like Gauss and Euler.
- Plato (427-347 B.C.) - http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Plato.html
"... the reality which scientific thought is seeking must be expressible in mathematical terms, mathematics being the most precise and definite kind of thinking of which we are capable."
- d'Alembert - Jean Le Rond d'Alembert (1717-1783) - http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/D'Alembert.html
Helped to resolve the controversy in mathematical physics over the conservation of kinetic energy by improving Newton's definition of force.
- Cramer - Gabriel Cramer (1704-1752) - http://history.math.csusb.edu/Mathematicians/Cramer.html
Best known for his work on determinants, made contributions to the study of algebraic curves.
- Dedekind, Richard (1831-1916) - http://euler.ciens.ucv.ve/English/mathematics/dedekind.html
study of CONTINUITY and definition of the real numbers in terms of Dedekind "cuts", the nature of number and mathematical induction, definition of finite and infinite sets; algebraic number fields, concept of RINGS.
- Galois, Évariste (1811-1832) - http://history.math.csusb.edu/Mathematicians/Galois.html
Galois theory, a branch of mathematics dealing with the general solution of equations, group theory, method of determining when a general equation could be solved by radicals, solved many long-standing unanswered questions.
- Pell, John (1611-1685) - http://history.math.csusb.edu/Mathematicians/Pell.html
Worked on algebra and number theory, gave a table of factors of all integers up to 100000 in 1668. Pell's equation is y^2 = ax^2 + 1, where a is a non-square integer.
- Schmidt, Erhard (1876-1959) - http://history.math.csusb.edu/Mathematicians/Schmidt.html
Main research was functional analysis, doctorate was obtained under Hilbert's supervision, main interest was in integral equations and Hilbert space, best remembered for the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalisation process.
- Bernoulli, Daniel (1700-1782) - http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Bernoulli_Daniel.html
Most important work considered the basic properties of fluid flow, pressure, density and velocity, and gave their fundamental relationship now known as Bernoulli's principle.
- Bessel - Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (1784-1846) - http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers_bessel.html
Catalogued stars, predicted a planet beyond Uranus as well as the existence of dark stars, investigated Johann Kepler's problem of heliocentricity, and systematized the mathematical functions involved, which now bear his name.
- Cauchy, Augustin Louis (1789-1857) - http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Cauchy.html
Cauchy contributed to almost every branch of mathematics. He is probably best known for his important contributions to real and complex analysis.
- Chebyshev - Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev (1821-1894) - http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Chebyshev.html
Work on prime numbers included the determination of the number of primes not exceeding a given number, wrote an important book on the theory of congruences, proved that there was always at least one prime between n and 2n for n > 3.
- Diophantus of Alexandria (c. 200-284 ) - http://history.math.csusb.edu/Mathematicians/Diophantus.html
Best known for his Arithmetica, a work on the theory of numbers, a collection of 130 problems giving numerical solutions of determinate equations.
- Dirichlet - Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (1805-1859) - http://turnbull.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Dirichlet.html
Proved that in any arithmetic progression with first term coprime to the difference there are infinitely many primes, units in algebraic number theory, ideals, proposed the modern definition of a function.
- Gauss, Johann Carl Friedrich (1777-1855) - http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gauss.html
One of the all-time greats, Gauss began to show his mathematical brilliance at the early age of seven. He is usually credited with the first proof of The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra.
- Oughtred, William (1574-1660) - http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Oughtred.html
Best known for the invention of an early form of the slide rule.
- Peirce, Benjamin (1809-1880) - http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce-benjamin/
Life and work of 19th century mathematician and philosopher of mathematics; by Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh.
- Al-Sabi Thabit ibn Qurra al-Harrani - http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Thabit.html
Gives information on background and contributions to non-euclidean geometry, spherical trigonometry, number theory and the field of statics. Was an important translator of Greek materials, including Euclid's Elements, during the Middle Ages.
- Kolmogorov, Andrei Nikolaevich (1903-1987) - http://www.cwi.nl/~paulv/KOLMOGOROV.BIOGRAPHY.html
Worked on trigonometric series, set theory, integration analysis, constructive logic, topology, approximation methods, probability, statistics, random processes, information theory, dynamical systems, algorithms, celestial mechanics, Hilbert's 13th problem, and ballistics. Also, studied and applications of mathematics to problems of biology, geology, linguistics and the crystallization of metals. Born and lived in Russia.
- The History of Mathematics - http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/
Collection of original papers of Berkeley, Hamilton, Riemann, Boole, Cantor, and Newton. Includes background and notes. Maintained by David R. Wilkins from Trinity College, Dublin
- Grassmann, Hermann - 1862 - http://www.maths.utas.edu.au/People/dfs/Papers/GrassmannTranslation/node3.html
Explains the published paper called Ausdehnungslehre, which translates to "Theory of Extension". The purpose is to create a universal type of geometric calculus. This development is used in linear and non-linear algebra, today.
- Biographies of Women Mathematicians - http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/women.htm
On-going project by students in mathematics classes at Agnes Scott College, in Atlanta, Georgia.
- Galois, Evariste - http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Galois.html
Biography in the St Andres archive.
- The Grothendieck Circle - http://www.grothendieck-circle.org/
Aims to make publicly available (and in some cases translate) the material written by and about Alexandre Grothendieck.
- Eratosthenes of Cyrene (276-194 BC) - http://www.eranet.gr/eratosthenes/html/eoc.html
Discusses this early Grecian's discoveries in finding a good approximation of the circumference of the earth, the tilt angle of our planet and a tool for finding prime numbers. Page includes biographical information.
- The Eratosthenes Project - http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/observatory/eratosthenes/
Gives information about the techniques and computations used by this ancient mathematician to find the circumference of the earth. Includes sample sketch and reconstructed map of the world.
- Archimedes - http://www.mcs.drexel.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/contents.html
Provides a biography and cultural background, as well as details about his discoveries. Page includes photos and a timeline.
- Shortest path to Gauss - http://www.gauss.info
This site is the quickest access to information about C.F.Gauss, although reduced to a single page.
- Sheynin, Oscar - http://www.sheynin.de/
Freelance researcher specializes in the history of probability, statistics and error theory. Page includes list of publications and outside reviews.
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