- Carneades
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- Caird, Edward
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- Campanella, Tommaso
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- Cano, Melchior
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- Carnap, Rudolf
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- Cassirer, Ernst
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- Castoriadis, Cornelius
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- Cesalpino, Andrea
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- Chalmers, David
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- Charron, Pierre
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- Chartier, Emile
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- Chrysippus of Soli
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- Chrysoloras, Manuel
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- Churchland, Paul
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- Chwistek, Leon
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- Cioran, Emile
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- Clarke, Samuel
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- Cleanthes of Assos
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- Cocchiarella, Nino
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- Cockburn, Catharine Trotter
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- Collingwood, Robin George
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- Comte, Auguste
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- Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de
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- Condorcet, Marquis de
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- Confucius
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- Constant, Benjamin
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- Conway, Anne Finch
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- Cixous, Hélène
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- Châtelet, Gabrielle Émilie Marquise du
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- Corbin, Henry
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- Crates of Thebes
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- Critias
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- Croce, Benedetto
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- Cudworth, Ralph
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- Cumberland, Richard
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- Cruz, Sor Juana Inés de la
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